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标题: 那些熟悉的陌生单词 [打印本页]

作者: 王浩    时间: 2020-10-20 21:57
标题: 那些熟悉的陌生单词
许多同学在阅读时都有过这样的体验:,一些看起来普普通通的日常词汇,出现在普普通通的句子里,习惯用平常的含义去理解时,却发现这个句子怎么都说不通?
比如下面这几个:
The panda eats shoots and leaves.
He was attending a friend's wake.
They were game for any challenge.
Paul suspectedthat his drink had been doctored.
Beavers feed on leaves and the living bark of trees
The baby penguins' woolly down is essential in theAntarctic winter.
上面几个标红的词语可能所有同学都认识,但这里的shoot, wake,game, doctor, bark, down是你们平时熟悉的意思吗?

有时候,阅读理解的障碍就是这些熟悉的陌生词造成的。
那么这几个词到底该如何理解呢?我们来看看词典里的解释。
shoot: NOUN A young branch or sucker springing from the mainstock of a tree or other plant.(树或其他植物主干上长出的嫩枝)
wake: NOUN A watch or vigil held beside the body of someone who has died,sometimes accompanied by ritual observances.(守灵,看守逝者的遗体,有时伴有仪式)
game: ADJECTIVE Eager or willing to do something new orchallenging.(渴望或乐意接受挑战,尝试新事物)
doctor: VERB Change the content or appearance of (a document orpicture) in order to deceive; falsify.(以欺骗为目的更改文件或图片的内容或外观;伪造)
bark: NOUN The tough protective outer sheath of the trunk, branches, and twigs ofa tree or woody shrub.(树皮,乔木或灌木的树干、树枝外层坚硬的保护层)
down: NOUN Soft, fine, fluffy feathers which form the first covering of a youngbird or an insulating layer below the contour feathers of an adult bird.(羽绒,幼鸟或成年鸟身上内层细软蓬松的羽毛)
(以上释义来自于https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/

读完上面的解释,你有没有恍然大悟?没想到,它们居然是这样的生词!
这类词在词汇学里被称为homonyms,也就是同音同形词。广义来讲,homonyms指的是读音或拼写相似,但意思不同的词。严格的homonyms是指两个读音和拼写都相同的词,但意思不同的词。也就是说,两个词既是homophones和homographs。大家看到这么多homo-开头的词是不是已经云里雾里了下面我们简单解释下这几个概念。
True homonyms, polysemous homonyms,homographs and homophones
好的,讲完这几个概念是不是大家更晕了呢?
不要紧!为了帮助大家记忆这几个名词,我们总结归纳出几个词根,分别是homo-(相同的),hetero(不同的),-nym(词,名字),-graph(形,文字),-phone(音),将这个几个词根排列组合就可以轻轻松松记住上面的几个概念了,so easy!
下面我们用表格再次帮助大家加强理解!
  
Term
  
Meaning
Spelling
Pronunciation
Homonym
Different
Same
Same
Homograph
Different
Same
(No requirement)
Homophone
Different
(No requirement)
Same
Heteronym
Different
Same
Different
Heterograph
Different
Different
Same
Polyseme
Different  but related
Same
(No requirement)
还没理解?我们再来一张图片!
(表格及图片来源: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym)
通常来讲,在词典里,true homonyms会放在不同的词条下,而polysemous homonyms则会放在同一词条下。
有的同学可能要问了,英语的同形词这么多,应该怎么学习呢?
最后,给阅读本文的同学们留几个小练习,请大家查查词典,看看下面句子中标红的词语分别是什么意思。
I walked out my door where an Italian page was waiting,he led me to the back rooms and let me in.
I removed my hand from my mouth when I realized I had chewedmy fingernail down to the bleeding quick.
Today, the business remains a family concern, with threegenerations taking the lead alongside a four-strong workforce.
The newly minted 26-year-old CSC teamleader has all the makings of a winner.
Even as a young man, however, Jekyll had a penchant for base pleasures.






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