分子遗传学是从微生物遗传学发展起来的。虽然分子遗传学研究已逐渐转向真核生物方面，但是以原核生物为材料的分子遗传学研究还占很大的比重。此外，由于微生物便于培养，所以在分子遗传学和重组DNA技术中，微生物遗传学的研究仍将占有重要的位置。
分子遗传学方法还可以用来研究蛋白质的结构和功能。例如可以筛选得到一系列使某一蛋白质失去某一活性的突变型。应用基因精细结构分析可以测定这些突变位点在基因中的位置；另外通过顺序分析可以测定各个突变型中氨基酸的替代，从而判断蛋白质的哪一部分和特定的功能有关，以及什么氨基酸的替代影响这一功能等等。
Molecular genetics evolved from microbial genetics. Although the research of molecular genetics has gradually turned to eukaryotes, the research of molecular genetics based on prokaryotes still occupies a large proportion. In addition, microbial genetics will continue to play an important role in molecular genetics and recombinant DNA technology due to the convenience of microbial culture.
Molecular genetic methods can also be used to study the structure and function of proteins. For example, you can screen for a series of mutations that inactivate a protein. The location of these mutation sites in genes can be determined by using gene fine structure analysis. In addition, sequence analysis can determine the substitution of amino acids in each mutant, so as to determine which part of the protein is related to the specific function, and what amino acid substitution affects the function, etc.
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